2018), (c),(d),(e),(i) vortex-averaged chlorine monoxide (ClO), ozone (O 3), O 3 rate of decline (calculated as time derivatives of vortex-averaged ozone), and water vapor (H 2O) on the 440-K potential temperature surface from Aura MLS (updated from Manney et al. )Īntarctic values of (a) vortex-averaged MERRA-2 temperature on the 440-K potential temperature surface (~19 km or 60 hPa), (b) CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) volume (updated from Pitts et al. (Source: data are derived from the multi-satellite merged, cloud-free product.
The x-axis is centered on the austral summer months.
A 14-day rolling average was applied to all time series. (f) Seasonal cycle of the area-weighted (40°S–65°S), daily mean chlorophyll concentration (mg m −3): all historical years (gray lines) the climatological mean for 1997–2022 (black line) the most recent two growing seasons (purple lines) anomalies relative to climatological mean for each basin (colored shading). Potential density was calculated from pressure, temperature, and salinity data, and binned into 0.05 kg m −3 intervals. (e) Jul 2021–Jun 2022 dissolved oxygen anomalies (kg m −3) relative to the 2005–20 Argo climatology. Shading shows the 2022 anomaly from the climatology. (d) Monthly mean net surface heat flux (W m −2) for the Pacific (blue line) and Atlantic/Indian (red line) sectors of the Southern Ocean during 2022 (dashed) and the 2004–20 climatology (solid). Positive values indicate the ocean heat gain. The blue and red boxes indicate the Pacific (50°S–60°S, 160☎–80°W) and Atlantic/Indian (50°S–60°S, 50°W–150☎) sectors, respectively, chosen for further analysis.
The purple line denotes the location of the Subantarctic Front as in Fig. Four distinct regions between 40°S and 65° are delineated by black dashed contours in Figs. Purple contours in the maps indicate the location of the subantarctic and southern boundary Antarctic Circumpolar Current fronts as defined by Orsi et al. SST anomalies are computed relative to a 1991–2020 climatology, while surface salinity, OHC, and MLD use a 2004–21 climatology given the limited extent of the RG09 product.
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(f) Time series of monthly average of upper-2000-m ocean heat content (OHC) anomaly (ZJ or 10 21 J) relative to 2005–20 Argo climatology south of 30°S (pink curve) with 12-month running mean on top (black curve) and 2022 highlighted in yellow shading. Time series of monthly average (d) SST and (e) surface salinity anomalies. 2022 annual average (a) sea-surface temperature (SST ☌), (b) surface salinity (SSS) (PSU), and (c) mixed layer depth (MLD m) anomalies.
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